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CAE (company)

CAE (company)

CAE (which once stood for Canadian Aviation Electronics, but now has no official meaning), is a leading provider of simulation technologies and integrated training services to airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and defence customers worldwide. The company has annual revenues in excess of CAD $1 billion, with manufacturing operations and training facilities in 17 countries on five continents. It was founded in 1947.

Corporate governance

Current members of the board of directors of CAE are: Brian Barents, Robert E. Brown, Richard Currie, Anthony Fell, James A. Grant, Randolph Jayne, John A. Craig, Garfield Emerson, Paul Gagn, James Hankinson, James McCutcheon, and Lawrence Stevenson. Former members of the board of CAE include: Derek Burney.

External link

- [http://www.cae.com/ Official site] Category:Companies of Canada Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index

Defence

The words defense (AmE) or defence (CwE) can refer to any of the following:
- For defense of a doctoral dissertation see thesis committee
- For the military term see defense (military)
- Civil defense measures and emergency preparedness
- In politics, defense may be a euphemism for war
- In economics, defense means the defense industry.
- For defense against prosecution and liability see defense (legal)
- For defense against an attacker:
- see self-defense
- as a legal justification, see self defense and defense of others, defense of property
- For defense in sport see defense (sport) This disambiguation article uses the American English variant of the word. Defense is predominantly American English, while defence is used in the other English-speaking countries, similar to offence/offense. (See also: American and British English differences.) ja:防衛 simple:Defense

Canadian dollar

The Canadian dollar, CAD or C$, is the unit of currency of Canada. One hundred cents (¢) add up to one dollar.

History

Canada decided to use the dollar instead of a pound sterling system because of the prevalence of Spanish dollars in North America in the 18th century and early 19th century and because of the standardization of the American dollar. The Canadas, in particular, favoured the dollar — the Bank of Montreal issued bank notes in dollars in 1817 — whereas the Atlantic colonies, with stronger ties to Britain and weaker ones to the United States, preferred the £.s.d. system. The Province of Canada declared that all accounts would be kept in dollars as of January 1, 1858, and ordered the issue of the first official Canadian dollars in the same year. The colonies that would come together in Canadian Confederation progressively adopted a decimal system over the next few years. Finally, the government passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces and replacing them with a common Canadian dollar. The gold standard was temporarily abandoned during World War I, and definitively abolished on April 10, 1933.

Canadian currency

Canadians use coins and bills (called "bank notes" officially, but not in ordinary usage) of similar denominations to money in the United States. The historical sizes of the coins less than 50¢ are identical to those of U.S. coins due to both nations using the Spanish dollar as the basis of their money. Modest quantities of U.S. coinage circulate in Canada at par, and some Canadian coins (generally less than one-dollar) circulate in some places in the United States as well, though recent changes to the appearance and composition of Canadian coinage have made it more difficult for these coins to be used in the United States. In Canada, it is common to find U.S. 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, and 25¢ coins in circulation (just as there are Australian 5c, 10c and 20c coins in New Zealand and vice versa). This interchangeability led to some concern when the United States Mint decided that the new Sacagawea dollar coin would have the same colouring as the Canadian $1 coin, the "loonie", although this proved to be a non-issue. Canadian English, like American English, uses the slang term "buck" for a dollar; the word "loonie" is also used to distinguish the Canadian dollar from other currencies, as in "The loonie performed well today on currency markets." In French, the currency is also called le dollar; Canadian French slang terms include piastre or piasse (equivalent to "buck," but the original word used in eighteenth-century French to translate "dollar") and huard (equivalent to "loonie"), since huard is French for "loon", the animal appearing on the coin.

Creating currency: then and now

Canadian coins are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint and struck at their facilities in Winnipeg. Notes are issued by the Bank of Canada with the production of the bills being outsourced to the British American Bank Note Company Ltd and the Canadian Bank Note Company Ltd in accordance with the specifications and requirements of the Bank of Canada. All wording on bills appears in both Canada's official languages, English and French. The same applies to special wording on commemorative coins. All of the standard wording on the reverse sides of coins is identical in both languages. On the obverse sides, however, the name and title of Canada's monarch appear in an abbreviated-Latin circumscription. Currently, this reads "ELIZABETH II D. G. REGINA". The initials stand for "Dei Gratia"; the entire phrase means, "Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen". Canadian coins were originally issued in bronze (1¢) and silver (5¢ up). Gold coins for circulation were issued from 1912 to 1914 only. In 1922, copying an earlier change in the United States, the 5¢ coin was enlarged and changed to nickel; unlike the United States, pure nickel was used except during World War II and the Korean War. A silver dollar coin similar to that issued in the United States was first proposed in 1911 and a few trial pieces exist (one of which is in a museum in Ottawa and the other sold to a private collector a few years ago for C$1.1 million), but a proper dollar coin did not arrive until 1935. The percentage of silver in silver coins was reduced in 1919 and 1967, and in 1968 they were all replaced by pure nickel coins of the same size or nearly so. The rising price of nickel eventually forced the 5¢ coin (commonly called the "nickel") to be changed to cupro-nickel in 1982. At about the same time the 1¢ coin was twice made smaller, and in 1997 it was changed to copper-plated zinc. Finally, in 2000 all coins below $1 were changed to steel with copper or nickel plating. Unfortunately, there have been some problems with compatibility between the new coins and coin-operated devices like vending machines and public telephones. The 50¢ piece is regularly minted, but not in large quantities; it is very rare to come across this coin in circulation, although an unsuccessful attempt was made by the Mint to promote the use of the coin when a special edition was released in 2002 marking the 50th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II ascending the throne.

Special edition coins

Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II In recent years, the Mint has issued several series of coins with special reverses. Most of them have been 25¢ coins, particularly in the years 1999–2001. There were also versions of the $2 coin commemorating the founding of Nunavut, and another with a family of polar bears; there have been several variants of the $1 coin, one of which featured the Canadian peacekeepers' monument in Ottawa to commemorate the award of the Nobel Peace Prize. A commemorative Terry Fox $1 coin began circulating on April 4, 2005. On October 21, 2004, the Royal Canadian Mint unveiled a [http://www.mint.ca/poppy/default.asp "25¢ poppy coin"]. This coin features a red-coloured poppy embedded in the centre of a maple leaf above a banner reading "Remember - Souvenir". While some countries' mints have produced colourized coins for market to collectors, this is the first colourized coin in general circulation in the world. The Mint states that, with normal wear and tear, the colour should remain for a number of years, although this claim was quickly disproved. The colouration compounds are attached to the metal on a specially prepared 'dimpled' section of the coin, and seem to come off easily if deliberately rubbed. The coin will retain its full value even if the red poppy has worn off or been removed; however it is now expected that fully coloured specimens will become collectible in the future.

Remember Remember Remember

On May 4, 2005 the Mint unveiled a new "Victory nickel". Originally issued from 1943 to 1945, the original Victory nickel was designed to promote the Canadian war effort. The new coin commemorates the 60th anniversary of the Allied victory in World War II. Up to 60 million Victory nickels will be produced and treated as regular circulation coins. Recently two new 25-cent coins commemorating the centennial of two of Canada's provinces were released: the coin for Alberta represents Canadian oil exploration; the coin for Saskatchewan depicts Canada's wheat fields. The Mint later issued a 2005 Year Of The Veteran coin to honour military veterans, also in the 25-cent denomination.

Recent changes in Canadian currency

As of fall 2004, the highest denomination coin minted in Canada is a $350 gold coin produced for the collector market, though the bullion values make its market value much higher than its face value. The most significant recent developments in Canadian currency were the withdrawal of the $1 and $2 bills in 1987 and 1996, respectively, and their replacement with coins of new design. The new $1 coin, first issued in 1987, is colloquially called the "loonie," for the loon on its reverse, and the name is frequently applied to the currency unit as well. It is made of nickel plated with "aureate bronze". The $2 coin, carrying a polar bear, introduced in 1996, is called by analogy the "toonie" (also spelled "twonie", making the etymology clearer), and has two sections differing in colour. Unlike several U.S. attempts to introduce a dollar coin, the new coins were quickly accepted by the public, owing largely to the fact that the mint and government made it a "cold turkey" switch by removing the $1 and $2 bills from circulation. Beginning in 2001, the Bank of Canada introduced a new series of bills: the new $10 was first issued on January 17, 2001; the new $5 on March 27, 2002; the new $100 bill on March 17, 2004, the new $20 on September 29, 2004, and the new $50 on November 17, 2004. Called "Canadian Journey", this series features elements of Canadian heritage and excerpts from Canadian literature. The $20, $50, and $100 notes introduce watermark security features for the first time on Canadian currency; they also boast significantly expanded holographic security features. All 2001 series notes also include the EURion constellation, on both sides of the bill. The new bills have a "tactile feature", which is a series of raised dots (but not in Braille) in the upper right corner on the obverse of each bill to aid the visually impaired in identifying currency denominations. As part of its ongoing efforts to improve the security of Canadian bank notes, the Bank of Canada issued a $10 note with upgraded security features on 18 May, 2005. The upgraded note has the same security features found on the $20, $50, and $100 Canadian Journey series notes issued in 2004. The improved features include a metallic holographic stripe, a watermark portrait, a windowed colour-shifting thread woven into the paper, a see-through number, and enhanced fluorescence under ultraviolet lighting. These features are reliable and quick and easy to use, and are designed to help Canadians protect themselves from accepting counterfeit notes. The illustrations on the front and back of the note are the same as those on the $10 note issued in 2001. The Canadian government has occasionally considered the possibility of eliminating the 1¢ coin from circulation, though as of early 2005 no serious discussion has been undertaken about dropping the coin. Likewise reports, in the wake of the $2 coin's success, that Ottawa was considering a $5 coin to replace the bill have yet to be realized.

Specifications

image:canadian-coins.jpg
Canadians coins have medallic orientation, like British or Euro coins, and unlike U.S. coins which have coin orientation.

‡ Withdrawn from circulation. Currency withdrawn from circulation is still legal tender. As of early 2005, the 1986-series $5 and $10 bills are still occasionally encountered, but they are rapidly disappearing from regular use. Despite the introduction of new notes, the 1986 $20, $50, and $100 are still common. $1,000 bills are no longer printed, but are still used by banks and casinos occasionally. All 1986 and 2001 series bills measure 152.4 mm by 69.85 mm (6 by 2¾ inches). See also Withdrawn Canadian banknotes.

Canadian currency rumours

A number of urban legends have circulated regarding Canadian currency.
- An American flag is flying over the Parliament buildings on Canadian paper money. This is not the case. The Birds series bills depict a Union Jack flying over Parliament on the $100; a Canadian Red Ensign (a former Canadian flag) on the $5, $10, and $50; and the modern maple-leaf flag was on the $2 and $1000 bills. (The $20 depicts the Library of Parliament, with no flag visible.) When a bill depicts a past Prime Minister, the Parliament buildings behind him are flying whichever flag Canada was using at the time of his tenure; Borden is depicted with the Union Jack because of his wartime government. Where a bill depicts the Queen, the current flag is used. Those "taken" by the rumour were likely fooled by the bills with the Red Ensign, as the flags are not shown in full colour and the contrasting upper-hoist corner somewhat resembles the American flag.
- The new series $10 bill is being recalled because there is a misprint in the poem In Flanders Fields. The first line as printed, "In Flanders fields the poppies blow," startled many people, who believed the last word should be "grow". John McCrae wrote two versions which were both published, but his original manuscript, the one used by the government and widely used for Remembrance Day ceremonies, reads "blow", meaning to bloom. (The last two lines are, "We shall not sleep, though poppies grow/In Flanders fields.")
- You can pop the centre out of a toonie. This is (or was) in fact true. Many toonies in the first shipment of the coins were defective, and could separate if struck hard or frozen, as the centre piece would shrink more than the outside. This problem was quickly corrected, and the initial wave of "toonie popping" blew over a few months after the coin's introduction.
- The 50¢ piece is no longer minted and/or has been withdrawn from circulation. The 50¢ coin is indeed so rare that many people have never personally seen or handled one. Shop proprietors have been known to refuse to accept them as payment because they do not recognize them as Canadian currency. However, the mint continues to produce the 50¢ coin annually in small numbers; most of them are purchased by coin collectors. The remainder go to banks, though most do not give them out unless the customer specifically requests so. Given enough notice, any bank should be able to obtain them in a significant quantity for their customers. The 50¢ is also commonly handed out as regular change at Canada Post locations.
- The crown is wrong in the Queen's portrait. When the new coin portrait was first issued in 1990 (see above), a legend surfaced that the artist had simply added the image of a crown to a portrait of the Queen, and that she was never meant to be seen wearing that headgear. This is patently false; she posed personally for the portrait wearing one of her usual crowns.
- Canadian coins are minted in Regina, Saskatchewan. The expression D.G. Regina appears on the obverse of Canadian coins, leading to the (wrong) idea that the coins were minted in Regina. As noted, the Royal Canadian Mint branch in Winnipeg, Manitoba is responsible for minting Canadian circulation coinage. The expression D.G. Regina is Latin for by the grace of God, Queen, referring to the effigy of Elizabeth II. The city of Regina takes its name from the same Latin word, creating its nickname, "the Queen City." (Prior to the Winnipeg facility, all coins were minted at the Royal Canadian Mint in Ottawa, Ontario. The Ottawa branch mainly deals with numismatic and collector coins as well as bullion. Foreign circulation coins are handled at the Winnipeg Mint.)

"Canadian Journey" poems and quotes

- $5: The winters of my childhood were long, long seasons. We lived in three places—the school, the church, and the skating-rink—but our real life was on the skating-rink. (Roch Carrier)
- $10: In Flanders Fields the poppies blow / Between the crosses, row on row, / That mark our place, and in the sky / The larks, still bravely singing, fly / Scarce heard amid the guns below. (John M^cCrae 1872-1918)
- $20: Could we ever know each other in the slightest without the arts? (Gabrille Roy 1909-1983)
- $50: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
- $100: Do we ever remember that somewhere above the sky in some child's dream perhaps Jacques Cartier is still sailing, always his way always about to discover a new Canada? (Miriam Waddington)

Value

Inflation in the value of the Canadian dollar has been fairly low since the 1990s, but had been severe for some decades before that. Since about 85 per cent of Canada's external trade is with the United States, Canadians are mainly interested in the value of their currency against the United States dollar (USD). The Canadian dollar was more valuable than the USD for part of the 1970s, but has never regained that status. Since setting an all-time low of US$0.6179 on January 21, 2002, the dollar rallied through 2003, 2004 and 2005 reaching US$0.85 on November 26, 2004, US$0.86 on September 30, 2005, and US$0.87 on December 13 of the same year. On world markets, the Canadian dollar tended historically to move in the same direction as the U.S. dollar, but less dramatically. A consequence is that at times an apparently rising Canadian dollar is often falling against most of the world's currencies, and vice versa. However, during the relatively sharp rise of the Canadian dollar mentioned above, it has "parted way" with the U.S. dollar and has gained value against it, while also rising against other major international currencies. Although there was a great deal of domestic concern when the Canadian dollar was trading much lower than the U.S. dollar, there is also concern among exporters when the dollar appreciates quickly. The rapid rise in the value of the Canadian dollar increases the price of Canadian exports to the United States, which make up a large part of the economy. On the other hand, Canadian industry enjoys advantages from a rising dollar, primarily in that it is cheaper to purchase foreign material and businesses.

Current CAD exchange rates

[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=AUD&to=CAD&submit=Convert AUD] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=EUR&to=CAD&submit=Convert EUR] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=GBP&to=CAD&submit=Convert GBP] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=INR&to=CAD&submit=Convert INR] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=NZD&to=CAD&submit=Convert NZD] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=USD&to=CAD&submit=Convert USD]

External links

- [http://www.cdnpapermoney.com/ A site about Canadian currency]
- [http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=CADUSD=X&t=2y&l=on&z=l&q=l&c= A graph of the Canadian dollar's value in U.S. dollars over the past two years]
- [http://www.currencymuseum.ca/eng/collection/index.php History of the earliest forms currency in Canada]
- [http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/rates/can_us_lookup.html Exchange Rate Lookup]
- [http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/dollar_book/index.htm A History of the Canadian dollar]
- [http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/banknotes/index.html Bank of Canada — bank notes]
- [http://www.mint.ca Royal Canadian Mint ]
- [http://www.whereswilly.com/ The Where's Willy? Currency Tracking Project] Category:Economic history of Canada Category:Currency of Canada ja:カナダドル

1947

1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January

- January 1 - British mines nationalized
- January 1 - Nigeria gains limited autonomy
- January 1 - The Canadian Citizenship Act went into effect
- January 3 - Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time
- January 10 - United Nations takes control of the free city of Trieste
- January 15 - Elizabeth Short (the "Black Dahlia") is found murdered
- January 16 - Inauguration of Vincent Auriol as a president of France
- January 24 - Demetrios Maximos founds monarchist government in Athens
- January 25 - Philippinean plane crashes in Hong Kong with $5 million worth of gold and money
- January 30 - February 8 - heavy blizzard in Canada buries towns from Winnipeg to Calgary

February

- February 3 - In Snag, Yukon Territory, -63 degrees Celsius
- February 3 - Percival Prattis becomes the first African American news correspondent allowed in the United States House of Representatives and Senate press gallery.
- February 5 - Boleslaw Bierut becomes president of Poland
- February 10 - Paris peace treaties signed between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria: Italy cedes most of Istria to Yugoslavia
- February 12 - A meteor creates a crater into Sikhote-Alin, Soviet Union
- February 17 - Propaganda: The Voice of America begins to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union.
- February 20 - State of Prussia ceases to exist
- February 20 - Explosion at the O'Connor Electro-Plating Co in Los Angeles, California - 17 dead, 100 buildings damaged, 22-foot crater
- February 21 - In New York City, Edwin Land demonstrates the first "instant camera", the Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America.
- February 23 - International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.
- February 28 - USA gives France a military base in Casablanca
- February 28 - In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with large loss of civilian lives.

March-May

- March 1 - The International Monetary Fund begins to operate.
- March 1 - Wernher von Braun marries his first cousin, 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.
- March 1 - Japanese city Tsushima, Aichi is founded
- March 6 - USS Newport News, the first air-conditioned naval ship, is launched from Newport News, Virginia.
- March 12 - The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.
- March 15 - Hindus and Muslims clash in Punjab
- March 21 - Homer Collyer of the Collyer brothers is found dead in their house in Harlem, New York City. His brother is found April 8
- March 25 - A coalmine explosion in Centralia, Illinois kills 111.
- March 28 - WW2 Japanese booby trap explodes in Corregidor - 28 dead
- March 29 - Rebellion against French rule erupts in Madagascar
- April 16 - The Texas City Disaster - Ammonium nitrate cargo of SS Grandcap explodes in Texas City, Texas - 552 dead, 3000 injured, 200 lost, 20 city blocks destroyed
- May 1 - Gang of Salvatore Giuliano opens fire on a labor parade near Portella Della Ginestra, Sicily; Eleven killed, thirty wounded
- May 3 - New post-war Japanese constitution goes into effect.
- May 22 - Cold War: In an effort to fight the spread of Communism, President Harry S. Truman signs an act implementing the Truman Doctrine. The act granted $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece.

June

- June 5 - Secretary of State Gen George Marshall outlines the Marshall Plan for U.S. aid to Europe.
- June 10 - Saab produces its first automobile.
- June 15 - Portuguese government orders 11 military officers and 19 university professors to resign accused of revolutionary activity
- June 20 - Bugsy Siegel found shot in the Beverly Hills mansion of Virginia Hill
- June 21 - A Seaman named Harold Dahl claims to have seen six UFOs near Maury Island. The next morning Dahl reports the first modern MIB encounter.
- June 23 - The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.

July

Taft-Hartley Act
- July 1 - The Australian real estate franchise L. J. Hooker lists on the Australian Stock Exchange
- July 7 - Downed UFO believed to be found in the Roswell UFO incident
- July 10 - Princess Elizabeth announces engagement to Philip Mountbatten
- July 11 - Exodus (ship) departs France to Palestine with 4500 Jewish Holocaust survivor refugees
- July 18 - Following wide media and UNSCOP coverage, Exodus (ship) is captured by British troops and refused entry to Palestine in the port of Haifa
- July 18 - President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law which places the Speaker of the House and the Senate President Pro Tempore next in the line of succession after the United States Vice President.
- July 19 - Murder of Burmese nationalist Aung San
- July 24 - 100 year anniversary of Brigham Young leading 148 Mormon pioneers into the Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.
- July 26 - Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act into United States law creating the Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.
- July 29 - After being shut off on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment, ENIAC, one of the world's first digital computers, is turned on after a memory upgrade. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.
- July 30 - Thor Heyerdahl sails with Kon-Tiki

August

Kon-Tiki Kon-Tiki
- August 5 - Netherlands stops political actions in Indonesia
- August 7 - Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft the Kon-Tiki, smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101 day, 4,300 mile journey across the Pacific Ocean proving that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from South America.
- August 7 - The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
- August 9 - Beginning the 6 Scout World Jamboree - see [http://www.jamboree1947.com Jamboree Scout 1947] (in French)
- August 14 - Pakistan gains independence from the British Empire under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14 compared to India on the 15th. Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan.
- August 15 - Following decades of nonviolent resistance and periodic civil unrest from 1919, India gains independence from the British Empire. Pakistan splits from India. Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as first Prime Minister of India.
- August 15 - The Khan of Baluchistan declares independence (acceeds to Pakistan in 1948)
- August 16 - In Greece, General Markos Vafiadis takes over
- August 23 - Prime Minister of Greece Dimitrios Maximos resigns.
- August 27 - When the French government lowers the bread ration to 200 grams, it causes riots in Verdun and Le Mans

September-October

- September 4-September 21 - Hurricane in southeast Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama - 51 killed
- September 9 - "First actual case of (a computer) bug being found" - a moth lodged in a relay of a Mark II computer at Harvard.
- September 13 - Nehru suggests transfer of 4 million Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan.
- September 18 - The United States Army Air Forces, along with some components of the United States Navy's air arm, becomes the United States Air Force.
- October 14 - American test pilot, Captain Chuck Yeager flies a Bell X-1 faster than the speed of sound, the first man to do so in level flight.
- October 20 - The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 begins
- October 30 - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which is the foundation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is founded.

November

- November 2 - In California, Designer Howard Hughes performs the maiden flight of the Spruce Goose; the largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built (flight lasted only eight minutes).
- November 2 - Earthquake in Chilean Andes - 233 dead
- November 10 - Arrest of four steel workers in Marseille begins a communist rioting that spreads to Paris
- November 16 - 15.000 demonstrate in Brussels against the relatively short sentences of Nazis.
- November 16 - British begin to withdraw their troops from Palestine.
- November 20- Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth marries the Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey, London.
- November 20 - Paul Ramadier resigns as Prime Minister of France - he is succeeded by Robert Schuman. Schuman calls 80.000 reservists to quell the rioting miners
- November 24 - Red Scare:The United States House of Representatives votes 346 to 17 to approve citations of contempt of U.S. Congress against the so-called Hollywood 10 after the 10 had refused to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of Communist influence in the movie industry, (the 10 were blacklisted by Hollywood movie studios the next day).
- November 25 - New Zealand ratifies the Statute of Westminster and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the United Kingdom.
- November 27 - In Paris, police occupy editorial offices of communist newspapers.
- November 29 - The United Nations General Assembly votes to partition Palestine between Arabs and Jews.

December

- December 3 - French communist strikers derail Paris-Tourcoing Express train because of false rumors that it was transporting soldiers - 21 dead
- December 3 - Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire opens on Broadway.
- December 4 - French interior minister Jules Moch secures emergency measures against riots after six days of violent arguments in the national assembly
- December 9 - French labour unions calls off the general strike and begin negotiations with the French government
- December 23 - the Transistor is invented.
- December 30 - King Michael of Romania abdicates

Unknown dates

- Prussia is legally abolished in March by the Allied Control Council following World War II and the establishment of the Oder-Neisse line as Germany's eastern border.
- The House Un-American Activities Committee begin their investigations of communism in Hollywood.
- Cambridge University begins to admits women as full students.
- Mikhail Kalashnikov designs the AK-47 assault rifle.
- Walter Morrison invents the Frisbee.
- Raytheon produces first commercial microwave oven.
- Women's suffrage is granted in Argentina.

Births

January

- January 1 - Afeni Shakur
- January 2 - Ai
- January 2 - Jack Hanna, American zoologist
- January 3 - Patricia Anthony
- January 6 - Sandy Denny, British vocalist (d. 1978)
- January 8 - David Bowie, English musician
- January 8 - Jenny Boyd
- January 8 - Samuel Schmid, Swiss Federal Councilor
- January 16 - Laura Schlessinger, American psychologist and radio talk show host
- January 18 - Takeshi Kitano, Japanese film director and actor
- January 23 - Thomas R. Carper, U.S. Senator from Delaware.
- January 24 - Warren Zevon, American musician (d. 2003)
- January 29 - Linda B. Buck, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- January 30 - Les Barker, English poet
- January 30 - Steve Marriott, British musician (The Small Faces) (d. 1991)
- January 31 - Nolan Ryan, baseball player

February

- February 1 - Jessica Savitch, American journalist (d. 1983)
- February 2 - Farrah Fawcett, American actress
- February 2 - Melanie, American singer
- February 3 - Paul Auster, American novelist
- February 4 - Dan Quayle, Vice President of the United States
- February 5 - Darrell Waltrip, American race car driver and broadcaster
- February 10 - Louise Arbour, Canadian jurist
- February 13 - Mike Krzyzewski, American basketball coach
- February 18 - Princess Christina of the Netherlands
- February 18 - Dennis DeYoung, American musician (Styx)
- February 20 - Peter Osgood, English footballer
- February 20 - Peter Strauss, American actor
- February 24 - Edward James Olmos, American actor
- February 25 - Lee Evans, American athlete
- February 25 - Doug Yule, American singer and musician (The Velvet Underground)
- February 27 - Gidon Kremer, Latvian violinist

March

- March 3 - Miyamoto Teru, Japanese author
- March 4 - Jan Garbarek, Norwegian musician
- March 6 - Kiki Dee, American singer
- March 6 - Dick Fosbury, American athlete
- March 6 - Rob Reiner, American actor, comedian, and producer
- March 7 - Matthew Fisher, British singer-songwriter, and producer
- March 7 - Walter Röhrl, German car racer
- March 7 - Richard Lawson, American actor
- March 8 - Carole Bayer Sager, American composer
- March 10 - Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada (1993)
- March 12 - Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist
- March 13 - Beat Richner, Swiss pediatrician and cellist
- March 14 - Pam Ayres, English poet
- March 14 - Billy Crystal, American actor and comedian
- March 15 - Ry Cooder, American guitarist
- March 19 - Glenn Close, American actress
- March 20 - John Boswell, American historian (d. 1994)
- March 24 - Louise Lanctôt, Canadian terrorist and writer
- March 25 - Elton John, English singer
- March 27 - Walt Mossberg, American newspaper columnist

April

- April 1 - Alain Connes, French mathematician
- April 2 - Emmylou Harris, American singer
- April 2 - Camille Paglia, American writer
- April 6 - John Ratzenberger, American actor
- April 8 - Tom DeLay, American politician
- April 11 - Deem Bristow, American video game actor (d. 2005)
- April 12 - Tom Clancy, American author
- April 12 - David Letterman, American entertainer
- April 16 - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, American basketball player
- April 18 - Kathy Acker, American author (d. 1997)
- April 18 - James Woods, American actor
- April 19 - Murray Perahia, American pianist
- April 23 - Philip Schneider, American structural engineer
- April 25 - Johan Cruijff, Dutch footballer and coach
- April 29 - Olavo de Carvalho, Brazilian philosopher

May

- May 6 - Martha Nussbaum, American philosopher
- May 8 - H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 13 - Stephen R. Donaldson, American novelist
- May 26 - Glenn Turner, New Zealand cricket captains
- May 27 - Branko Oblak, Slovenian football player and coach

June

- June 4 - Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria
- June 6 - David Blunkett, British politician
- June 6 - Ada Kok, Dutch swimmer
- June 8 - Eric F. Wieschaus, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 14 - Barry Melton, American musician (Country Joe and The Fish and The Dinosaurs)
- June 15 - John Hoagland, American war photographer (d. 1984)
- June 16 - -minu, Swiss columnist and writer
- June 19 - Salman Rushdie, Indian-born author
- June 20 - The Duchess of Gloucester
- June 20 - Candy Clark, American actress
- June 21 - Shirin Ebadi, Iranian activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- June 22 - David Lander, American actor and baseball scout
- June 22 - Pete Maravich, American basketball player (d. 1988)
- June 22 - Mike Stone, American football player
- June 28 - Mark Helprin, American writer

July

- July 2 - Larry David, American actor, writer, producer, and director
- July 3 - John William Carter, son of U.S President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter
- July 7 - Richard Beckinsale, British actor
- July 9 - O. J. Simpson, American football player, actor, and suspected murderer
- July 10 - Arlo Guthrie, American singer
- July 10 - Jackie Lane, British actress
- July 17 - Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
- July 19 - Brian May, English guitarist (Queen)
- July 20 - Gerd Binnig, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 20 - Carlos Santana, Mexican guitarist
- July 21 - Co Adriaanse, Dutch football manager
- July 24 - Peter Serkin, American pianist
- July 30 - Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austrian-born actor, bodybuilder, and Governor of California

August

- August 10 - Ian Anderson, British musician (Jethro Tull)
- August 15 - Raakhee Gulzar, Indian actress
- August 19 - Gerard Schwarz, American conductor
- August 24 - Roger De Vlaeminck, Belgian road cyclist
- August 28 - Liza Wang, Hong Kong actress

September

- September 1 - Al Green, American politician
- September 3 - Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime Minister of Norway
- September 17 - Tessa Jowell, British politician
- September 19 - Steve Bartlett, U.S. Congressman and Mayor of Dallas, Texas
- September 21 - Stephen King, American author
- September 22 - Norma McCorvey, American abortion plaintiff
- September 27 - Dick Advocaat, Dutch football manager
- September 30 - Marc Bolan, English musician (T Rex) (d. 1977)

October

- October 1 - Aaron Ciechanover, Israeli biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- October 5 - Brian Johnson, English singer
- October 14 - Lukas Resetarits, Austrian cabaret artist and actor
- October 17 - Gene Green, American politician
- October 19 - Giorgio Cavazzano, Italian comics artist and illustrator
- October 24 - Kevin Kline, American actor
- October 26 - Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Lady of the United States and Senator from New York
- October 26 - Trevor Joyce, Irish poet

November

- November 14 - P. J. O'Rourke, American journalist and satirist
- November 19 - Bob Boone, baseball player and manager
- November 19 - Lamar S. Smith, American politician
- November 24 - Dwight Schultz, American actor

December

- December 7 - Wendy Padbury, British actress
- December 8 - Thomas R. Cech, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- December 9 - Tom Daschle, U.S. Senator
- December 14 - Christopher Parkening, American guitarist
- December 18 - Rod Piazza, American musician
- December 16 - Vincent Matthews, American athlete
- December 21 - Paco de Lucía, Spanish guitarist
- December 26 - Carlton Fisk, baseball player
- December 28 - Aurelio Rodríguez, Mexican Major League Baseball player (d. 2000)
- December 29 - Ted Danson, American actor
- December 30 - Michael Burns, American actor
- December 30 - Jeff Lynne, British musician (Electric Light Orchestra)
- December 31 - Tim Matheson, American actor
- December 31 - Burton Cummings, Canadian Musician Songwriter

Unknown date

- Florence Anthony, American poet

Fictional

None yet. Please erase this and put a name when one goes up here.

Deaths

- Emil J. Brach, American candy manufacturer (b. 1859)
- January 20 - Andrew Volstead, American politician (b. 1860)
- January 25 - Al Capone, American gangster (b. 1899)
- March 11 - Victor Lustig, Austrian-born con artist (b. 1890)
- March 18 - William C. Durant, American automobile pioneer (b. 1861)
- March 19 - Prudence Heward, Canadian painter (b. 1896)
- March 20 - Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (b. 1888)
- March 30 - Arthur Machen, Welsh-born author (b. 1863)
- April 1 - King George II of Greece (b. 1890)
- April 7 - Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer (b. 1863)
- April 20 - King Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
- April 24 - Willa Cather, American novelist (b. 1873)
- May 8 - Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (b. 1858)
- May 16 - Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (b. 1861)
- May 17 - George William Forbes, Prime Minister of New Zealand
- May 20 - Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- May 24 - C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (b. 1878)
- July 19 - Aung San, Burmese nationalist (assassinated) (b. 1915)
- July 30 - Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1860)
- October 4 - Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858)
- October 6 - Leevi Madetoja, Finnish composer (b. 1887)
- November 25 - Léon-Paul Fargue, French writer (b. 1876)
- December 1 - Aleister Crowley, British occultist (b. 1875)
- December 1 - G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (b. 1877)
- December 7 - Tristan Bernard, French writer and lawyer (b. 1866)
- December 7 - Nicholas M. Butler, American president of Columbia University, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1862)
- December 17 - J. N. Brønsted, Danish chemist (b. 1879)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Edward Victor Appleton
- Chemistry - Sir Robert Robinson
- Medicine - Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay
- Literature - André Gide
- Peace - The Friends Service Council (UK) and The American Friends Service Committee (USA), on behalf of the Religious Society of Friends Category:1947 ko:1947년 ms:1947 ja:1947年 simple:1947 th:พ.ศ. 2490

Board of directors

A board of directors, also called board of trustees, board of governors, board of managers, or board of curators, is a group of individuals who govern the affairs of a corporation. Board members in most legal jurisdictions have specific fiduciary duties whereby they must act for the benefit of the corporation. A board is either self-perpetuating or elected by the members of the corporation. In the case of an incorporated joint-stock company, the board is almost always elected by the members (shareholders) of the company. Individuals can be members of the board of directors of multiple corporations at one time. The main duties of the board are to choose the chief executive officer and other officers to run the day-to-day operations of the corporation and to exercise high-level oversight. Typically corporate boards are involved in issues of ownership, strategy, financing, and mergers and acquisitions. The actual power held by the board of directors varies widely from corporation to corporation. In some, the board of directors form a powerful body to which senior management is subservient. Other times, the board is a formality which merely rubber stamps decisions of the CEO and senior management. The board is run by the chairman of the board. Often the CEO serves concurrently as the chairman. Some hold that this is inappropriate in a publicly-traded joint-stock company, for, they contend, it gives management too much power over the board, which is supposed to provide oversight of management. Larger boards are partitioned into several committees with specific tasks. For example, a compensation committee is commonly formed to make decisions regarding salary and stock allocations for top management (and sometimes for the entire employee pool). Others might include an audit committee, a legal affairs committee, and a mergers and acquisitions committee. A board will often consist of executive and non-executive directors. Executive directors play an active part in running the company, while non-executive directors are only there to offer advice. It is widely considered good management practice to create a board of directors with persons with expertise from diverse backgrounds and to have outside directors or non-executive directors who can provide a perspective on a situation which is independent from management. For example it is extremely common for a good percentage of the boards of most large corporations to be from academia, especially business schools. Sometimes relatives of powerful politicians are selected to serve on boards, such as when Hillary Clinton served on the board at Arkansas-based Wal-Mart while her husband, Bill, was Governor of Arkansas.

Failures

While the primary responsibility of boards is to ensure that the corporation's management is performing its job correctly, actually achieving this in practice can be difficult. In a number of "corporate scandals" of the 1990s, one notable feature revealed in subsequent investigations is that boards were not aware of the activities of the managers that they hired, and the true financial state of the corporation. A number of factors may be involved in this tendency:
- Most boards largely rely on management to report information to them, thus allowing management to place the desired 'spin' on information, or even conceal or lie about the true state of a company.
- Boards of directors are part-time bodies, whose members meet only occasionally and may not know each other particularly well. This unfamiliarity can make it difficult for board members to question management.
- CEOs tend to be rather forceful personalities. In some cases, CEOs are accused of exercising too much influence over the company's board.
- Directors may not have the time or the skills required to understand the details of corporate business, allowing management to obscure problems.
- The same directors who appointed the present CEO oversee their performance. This makes it difficult for some directors to dispassionately evaluate the CEO's performance.
- Directors often feel that a judgement of a manager, particularly one who has performed well in the past, should be respected. This can be quite legitimate, but poses problems if the manager's judgement is indeed flawed.
- All of the above may contribute to a culture of "not rocking the boat" at board meetings. Because of this, the role of boards in corporate governance, and how to improve their oversight capability, has been examined carefully in recent years, and new legislation in a number of jurisdictions, and an increased focus on the topic by boards themselves, has seen changes implemented to try and improve their performance.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) has introduced new standards of accountability on the board of directors. Members now risk large fines and prison sentences in the case of accounting crimes. Internal controls are now the direct responsibility of directors. This means that the vast majority of public companies now have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to the highest standards of internal controls. Additionally, these internal auditors are required by law to report directly to the audit board. This group consists of board of directors members where more than half of the members are outside the company and one of those members outside the company is an accounting expert.

Richard Currie

Richard J. Currie is a Canadian businessman. He currently sits on the board of directors of Bell Canada Enterprises, CAE, and Petro-Canada. Currie has received the Order of Canada. Currie, Richard Currie, Richard Currie, Richard

James Andrew Grant

The Honourable James Andrew Grant, PC , CM , BCL , BA (born 1937) is a Canadian lawyer. He received a B.A. in 1958 and a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1961 from McGill University. He was called to the Quebec bar in 1962. He is a partner and Chairman Emeritus of the law firm, Stikeman Elliott LLP. He serves on the Board of Directors of CAE and CIBC. In 2003, he was president of the Royal Canadian Golf Association. In 1996, he was named to the Security Intelligence Review Committee and was accordingly summoned to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. In 2003 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. Grant, James Grant, James Grant, James Grant, James

Derek Burney

Derek Hudson Burney is a Canadian businessman and former diplomat and political strategist. He was born in 1939 in Fort William, Ontario to George William Burney (1886-1951), a native of Westville, Pictou County, Nova Scotia, and Annie Mary MacKay (1906-1995). He is currently the president of the board of New Brunswick Power. Burney studied at Fort William Collegiate Institute and Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He then entered the federal public service and the Canadian diplomatic corps, subsequently serving in Korea and Japan as ambassador. From 1987 to 1989 he served as Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. After leaving the post of Chief of Staff in 1989, Burney became Canada's ambassador to the United States. He would serve in this position until 1993. Burney was then hired by Bell Canada and worked as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company from 1993 to 1999. He then moved to CAE Inc., serving as president and Chief Executive Officer until 2004. Among other things, he now teaches at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University. The board of directors that Burney now sits on include CanWest Global Communications, Quebecor World Inc., and Shell Canada. Burney was formerly a director of CAE Inc. as well. Burney has received many honours in recognition of his work. He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1993, and has been conferred honourary Doctor of Laws degrees from Lakehead University, Queen's University, Carleton University, and Wilfrid Laurier University. Burney's son, also named Derek, was the president of Corel Corporation for several years.

References

- Burney, Derek. Getting it done : a memoir. Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005. ISBN 0773529268. Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek Burney, Derek

Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index

This category is an incomplete list of the 224 companies currently listed in the S&P/TSX Composite Index. Category:Companies traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange

Neeley Hollow

Neeley Hollow is a emo/pop-punk band from Columbia Tennessee. The band ended in 2005.

Band Members

- Tyler Matyskiela (Drums)
- Jesse Wright (Vocals)
- Charlie Dungy (Guitar/Vocals)
- Tad Engle (Lead Guitar/Vocals)
- Tony Alcorn (Guitar)
- Andy Lo (Bass)

EPs

- Neeley Hollow 'Return to Sender EP' (2004)

External links

- [http://www.purevolume.com/neeleyhollow Offical Purevolume Site]
- [http://http://www.ninethreeone.com/modules.php?name=Reviews&rop=showcontent&id=1 EP Review]

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Wikipédia:Oracle/Archives/Mythologie

Mythologie grecque

Ô grand oracle, beaucoup de monde connaît les histoire liée à la toison d'or, où les douze travaux d'Hercule. Mais existe t'il des ouvrages antiques qui les narrent à l'instar de l'Odyssée d'Homère pour la balade d'Ulysse ? D'avance merci. NIST en 1997 pour demander aux cryptologues de concevoir un nouvel algorithme de chiffrement par bloc destiné au gouvernement des États-Unis. Le but était de remplacer Triple DES, lui-même un remplaçant tempor

Liste des espèces

- Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838. Bluespotted cornetfish.
- Fistularia corneta Gilbert & Starks, 1904. Pacific cornetfish.
- Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803. Red cornetfish.
- Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758. Cornet fish.

Liens externes

- [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=254 Fishbase]